Windows Command Prompt - Jims Obsidian Vault

Windows Command Prompt⚑

Command Line - Getting started with `CMD`⚑

cmd documentation: Getting started with cmd

This section provides an overview of what cmd is, and why a developer might want to use it.

It should also mention any large subjects within cmd, and link out to the related topics. Since the Documentation for cmd is new, you may need to create initial versions of those related topics.

Commands in CMD#

The available commands will be displayed, including a brief description, in tabular format.
In Windows 10 the following commands are listed:

Command	Description
ASSOC	Displays or modifies file extension associations.
ATTRIB	Displays or changes file attributes.
BREAK	Sets or clears extended CTRL+C checking.
BCDEDIT	Sets properties in boot database to control boot loading.
CACLS	Displays or modifies access control lists (ACLs) of files.
CALL	Calls one batch program from another.
CD	Displays the name of or changes the current directory.
CHCP	Displays or sets the active code page number.
CHDIR	Displays the name of or changes the current directory.
CHKDSK	Checks a disk and displays a status report.
CHKNTFS	Displays or modifies the checking of disk at boot time.
CLS	Clears the screen.
CMD	Starts a new instance of the Windows command interpreter.
COLOR	Sets the default console foreground and background colors.
COMP	Compares the contents of two files or sets of files.
COMPACT	Displays or alters the compression of files on NTFS partitions.
CONVERT	Converts FAT volumes to NTFS. You cannot convert the
	current drive.
COPY	Copies one or more files to another location.
DATE	Displays or sets the date.
DEL	Deletes one or more files.
DIR	Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory.
DISKPART	Displays or configures Disk Partition properties.
DOSKEY	Edits command lines, recalls Windows commands, and
	creates macros.
DRIVERQUERY	Displays current device driver status and properties.
ECHO	Displays messages, or turns command echoing on or off.
ENDLOCAL	Ends localization of environment changes in a batch file.
ERASE	Deletes one or more files.
EXIT	Quits the CMD.EXE program (command interpreter).
FC	Compares two files or sets of files, and displays the
	differences between them.
FIND	Searches for a text string in a file or files.
FINDSTR	Searches for strings in files.
FOR	Runs a specified command for each file in a set of files.
FORMAT	Formats a disk for use with Windows.
FSUTIL	Displays or configures the file system properties.
FTYPE	Displays or modifies file types used in file extension
	associations.
GOTO	Directs the Windows command interpreter to a labeled line in
	a batch program.
GPRESULT	Displays Group Policy information for machine or user.
GRAFTABL	Enables Windows to display an extended character set in
	graphics mode.
HELP	Provides Help information for Windows commands.
ICACLS	Display, modify, backup, or restore ACLs for files and
	directories.
IF	Performs conditional processing in batch programs.
LABEL	Creates, changes, or deletes the volume label of a disk.
MD	Creates a directory.
MKDIR	Creates a directory.
MKLINK	Creates Symbolic Links and Hard Links
MODE	Configures a system device.
MORE	Displays output one screen at a time.
MOVE	Moves one or more files from one directory to another
	directory.
OPENFILES	Displays files opened by remote users for a file share.
PATH	Displays or sets a search path for executable files.
PAUSE	Suspends processing of a batch file and displays a message.
POPD	Restores the previous value of the current directory saved by
	PUSHD.
PRINT	Prints a text file.
PROMPT	Changes the Windows command prompt.
PUSHD	Saves the current directory then changes it.
RD	Removes a directory.
RECOVER	Recovers readable information from a bad or defective disk.
REM	Records comments (remarks) in batch files or CONFIG.SYS.
REN	Renames a file or files.
RENAME	Renames a file or files.
REPLACE	Replaces files.
RMDIR	Removes a directory.
ROBOCOPY	Advanced utility to copy files and directory trees
SET	Displays, sets, or removes Windows environment variables.
SETLOCAL	Begins localization of environment changes in a batch file.
SC	Displays or configures services (background processes).
SCHTASKS	Schedules commands and programs to run on a computer.
SHIFT	Shifts the position of replaceable parameters in batch files.
SHUTDOWN	Allows proper local or remote shutdown of machine.
SORT	Sorts input.
START	Starts a separate window to run a specified program or command.
SUBST	Associates a path with a drive letter.
SYSTEMINFO	Displays machine specific properties and configuration.
TASKLIST	Displays all currently running tasks including services.
TASKKILL	Kill or stop a running process or application.
TIME	Displays or sets the system time.
TITLE	Sets the window title for a CMD.EXE session.
TREE	Graphically displays the directory structure of a drive or
	path.
TYPE	Displays the contents of a text file.
VER	Displays the Windows version.
VERIFY	Tells Windows whether to verify that your files are written
	correctly to a disk.
VOL	Displays a disk volume label and serial number.
XCOPY	Copies files and directory trees.
WMIC	Displays WMI information inside interactive command shell.

To get more insight about a specific command use the /? option, e.g. the tree command gives:

tree /?

Graphically displays the folder structure of a drive or path.

TREE [drive:][path] [/F] [/A]

   /F   Display the names of the files in each folder.
   /A   Use ASCII instead of extended characters.

Features#

Microsoft Command Prompt is a command-line interpreter (CLI) for the Windows operating systems.

A CLI is program intended primarily to read operating system instructions typed on a keyboard by the user. It is therefore addressed also as a command-line interface, to contrast it with graphical interfaces.

As these interfaces (whether textual or graphical) shield the user from directly accessing to the operating system kernel, they are also said shells.

Given the name of the Command Prompt executable file, cmd.exe , the Command Prompt is friendly named cmd . Given its OS piloting role, it is also said the console.

Like other shells, cmd can read batch of instructions from a file. In this case the cmd shell acts as a language interpreter and the file content can be regarded as an actual program. When executing these batch programs, there is no intermediate compilation phase. They are typically read, interpreted and executed line by line. Since there is no compilation, there is no production of a separated executable file. For this reason the programs are denoted batch scripts or shell scripts.

Note that the instructions entered interactively might have a slightly different syntax from those submitted as a script, but the general principle is that what can be entered from the command line can be also put in a file for later reuse.

Hello World#

Command Prompt batch scripts have extension .cmd or .bat , the latter for compatibility reasons.

To create a hello-word-script, you first need a place where to type it. For simple scripts, also the Windows Notepad will do. If you are serious about shell scripting, you need more effective tools. There are anyway several free alternatives, such as Notepad++.

In your designated editor type:

echo Hello World
pause

Save it as hello.cmd

If you are using "Notepad" as an editor, you should pay much attention to the saved name, as Notepad tends to add always a .txt extension to your files, which means that the actual name of your file might be hello.cmd.txt . To avoid this, in the save dialog box:

In the File name field enter the name in double quotes, e.g. "hello.cmd"
In the Save as type field select All Files, instead of the default Text Document option.

If the file has been saved properly, its icon should be similar to (Windows Vista):

You may also consider to disable the option "Hide extension for known file types" in File Explorer folder view options. In this case, file names are always displayed with their extensions.

To execute hello.cmd there are two possibilities. If you are using the Windows graphical shell, just double click on its icon.

If you want to use the Command Prompt itself, you must first identify the directory where you saved hello.cmd . In this regard, if you open File Explorer with +E. In the windows listing files, you normally read the name of the directory path containing them. You can therefore identify the directory of hello.cmd . Windows directory names tend to be quite long and typing them is error prone. It is better if you select and copy the directory path in the clipboard for later pasting.

Start the Command Prompt. You read a line similar to this.

Microsoft Windows [Version ...]
(c) ... Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

C:\Users\...>

The version/year of Windows of course depends on yours. In the the final line, before > , you read the path of the directory which is current. You should make current the directory where your script is. For this reason enter the change directory command cd , using a line similar to the following:

cd <dirpath>

Instead of <dirpath> , paste the name of the directory you previously copied.
To paste the directory path, in Windows 10, you just need to type Ctrl-C, as you would in an editor. For older systems you should be able to do this by right clicking in the cmd window.
After entering the command, note that current path, before > , changes accordingly.

You can now run your hello script by simply entering:

hello

Comments#

The script prints an output similar to:

C:\Users\...>echo Hello World
Hello World

C:\Users\...>pause
Press any key to continue . . .

The lines hosting the symbol > restate the script instructions as if you had entered interactively. This can be disabled writing:

@echo off

as the first line of your script. This might reduce the clutter, but you have less hints on what is going on, with respect to those script commands that do not give visible outputs.

The last command, pause , prompts you to hit any key. When you do, you exit hello .
If you run hello from the console, you don't really need it, because, when hello terminates its execution, cmd.exe remains open and you can to read hello output. When double-clicking in Explorer, you start cmd.exe for the time necessary to execute hello . When hello terminates, cmd.exe does the same and you have no possibility to read hello output. pause command prevents hello from exiting until you hit a key, which gives also the possibility to read the output.

Finally, despite the name of the script is hello.cmd , it is not necessary to type the whole name, its hello stem is sufficient. This mechanism works for executables too, with extension .exe . What if there is a script hello.cmd and an executable hello.exe in the same directory? The former has priority in the Command Prompt, so hello.cmd will be executed.

Navigating in cmd#

One of the most common things you'll need to do in the command prompt is navigate your file system. To do this, we'll utilize the cd and dir keywords. Start by opening up a command prompt using one of the methods mentioned here. You most likely see something similar to what's below, where UserName is your user.

C:\Users\UserName>

Regardless of where in your file structure you are, if your system is like most, we can start with this command:

cd C:\

This will change your current directory to the C:\ drive. Notice how the screen now looks like this

C:\>

Next, run a dir so we can see anything in the C:\ drive

dir

This will show you a list of files and folders with some information about them, similar to this:

There's lots of good info here, but for basic navigation, we just care about the right-most column. Notice how we have a Users folder. That means we can run this

cd Users

Now if you run dir again, you'll see all the files and folders in your C:\Users directory. Now, we didn't find what we wanted here, so let's go back to the parent folder. Rather than type the path to it, we can use .. to go up one folder like so

cd ..

Now we are back in C:\ . If you want to go up multiple folders at once, you can put a backslash and another set of periods like so: cd ..\.. , but we only needed one folder.

Now we want to look in that Program Files folder. To avoid confusing the system, it's a good idea to put quotes around the directories, especially when there are spaces in the name. So this time, we'll use this command

C:\>cd "Program Files"

Now you are in C:\Program Files> and a dir command now will tell you anything that's in here.

So, say we get tired of wandering around to find the folder and looked up exactly where we were needing to go. Turns out it's C:\Windows\Logs Rather than do a .. to Windows to Logs , we can just put the full path like so:

cd "C:\Windows\Logs"

And that's the basics of navigating the command prompt. You can now move through all your folders so you can run your other commands in the proper places.

Opening a Command Prompt#

The command prompt comes pre-installed on all Windows NT, Windows CE, OS/2 and eComStation operating systems, and exists as cmd.exe , typically located in C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe

On Windows 7 the fastest ways to open the command prompt are:

Press , type "cmd" and then press Enter.
Press +R, type "cmd" then then press Enter.

It can also be opened by navigating to the executable and double-clicking on it.

In some cases you might need to run cmd with elevated permissions, in this case right click and select "Run as administrator". This can also be achieved by pressing Control+ Shift+Enter instead of Enter.

Source

Must Know Commands⚑

Assoc ⚑

Most files in Windows are associated with a specific program that is assigned to open the file by default. At times, remembering these associations can become confusing. You can remind yourself by entering the command assoc to display a full list of file name extensions and program associations.

You can also extend the command to change file associations. For example, assoc .txt= will change the file association for text files to whatever program you enter after the equal sign. The Assoc command itself will reveal both the extension names and program names, which will help you properly use this command.

In Windows 10, you can view a more user-friendly interface that also lets you change file type associations on the spot. Head to Settings (Windows + I) > Apps > Default apps > Choose default app by file type.

Cipher ⚑

Deleting files on a mechanical hard drive doesn't really delete them at all. Instead, it marks the files as no longer accessible and the space they took up as free. The files remain recoverable until the system overwrites them with new data, which can take some time.

The cipher command, however, wipes a directory by writing random data to it. To wipe your C drive, for example, you'd use the cipher /w:d command, which will wipe free space on the drive. The command does not overwrite undeleted data, so you will not wipe out files you need by running this command.

You can use a host of other cipher commands, however, they are generally redundant with BitLocker enabled versions of Windows.

Driverquery ⚑

Drivers remain among the most important software installed on a PC. Improperly configured or missing drivers can cause all sorts of trouble, so its good to have access to a list of what's on your PC. That's exactly what the driverquery command does. You can extend it to driverquery -v to obtain more information, including the directory in which the driver is installed.

For best use, I like to pipe the verbose output (-v) into a CSV (-fo "csv") via:

driverquery -v -fo "csv" >> My-Drivers.csv

File Compare ⚑

You can use this command to identify differences in text between two files. It's particularly useful for writers and programmers trying to find small changes between two versions of a file. Simply type fc and then the directory path and file name of the two files you want to compare.

You can also extend the command in several ways. Typing /b compares only binary output, /c disregards the case of text in the comparison, and /l only compares ASCII text.

So, for example, you could use the following:

fc /l "C:\\Program Files (x86)\\example1.doc" "C:\\Program Files (x86)\\example2.doc"

The above command compares ASCII text in two word documents.

ipconfig ⚑

This command relays the IP address that your computer is currently using. However, if you're behind a router (like most computers today), you'll instead receive the local network address of the router.

Still, ipconfig is useful because of its extensions. ipconfig /release followed by ipconfig /renew can force your Windows PC into asking for a new IP address, which is useful if your computer claims one isn't available. You can also use ipconfig /flushdns to refresh your DNS address. These commands are great if the Windows network troubleshooter chokes, which does happen on occasion.

Netstat ⚑

Entering the command netstat -an will provide you with a list of currently open ports and related IP addresses. This command will also tell you what state the port is in; listening, established, or closed.

This is a great command for when you're trying to troubleshoot devices connected to your PC or when you fear a Trojan infected your system and you're trying to locate a malicious connection.

Ping ⚑

Sometimes, you need to know whether or not packets are making it to a specific networked device. That's where ping comes in handy.

Typing ping followed by an IP address or web domain will send a series of test packets to the specified address. If they arrive and are returned, you know the device is capable of communicating with your PC; if it fails, you know that there's something blocking communication between the device and your computer. This can help you decide if the root of the issue is an improper configuration or a failure of network hardware.

PathPing ⚑

This is a more advanced version of ping that's useful if there are multiple routers between your PC and the device you're testing. Like ping, you use this command by typing pathping followed by the IP address, but unlike ping, pathping also relays some information about the route the test packets take.

Tracert ⚑

The tracert command is similar to pathping. Once again, type tracert followed by the IP address or domain you'd like to trace. You'll receive information about each step in the route between your PC and the target. Unlike pathping, however, tracert also tracks how much time (in milliseconds) each hop between servers or devices takes.

Powercfg ⚑

Powercfg is a very powerful command for managing and tracking how your computer uses energy. You can use the command powercfg hibernate on and powercfg hibernate off to manage hibernation, and you can also use the command powercfg /a to view the power-saving states currently available on your PC.

Another useful command is powercfg /devicequery s1_supported, which displays a list of devices on your computer that support connected standby. When enabled, you can use these devices to bring your computer out of standby, even remotely. You can enable this by selecting the device in Device Manager, opening its properties, going to the Power Management tab, and then checking the Allow this device to wake the computer box.

Powercfg /lastwake will show you what device last woke your PC from a sleep state. You can use this command to troubleshoot your PC if it seems to wake from sleep at random.

You can use the powercfg /energy command to build a detailed power consumption report for your PC. The report saves to the directory indicated after the command finishes. This report will let you know of any system faults that might increase power consumption, like devices blocking certain sleep modes, or poorly configured to respond to your power management settings.

Windows 8 added powercfg /batteryreport, which provides a detailed analysis of battery use, if applicable. Normally output to your Windows user directory, the report provides details about the time and length of charge and discharge cycles, lifetime average battery life, and estimated battery capacity.

Shutdown ⚑

Windows 8 introduced the shutdown command that, you guessed it, shuts down your computer.

This is, of course, redundant with the already easily accessed shutdown button, but what's not redundant is the shutdown /r /o command, which restarts your PC and launches the Advanced Start Options menu, which is where you can access Safe Mode and Windows recovery utilities. This is useful if you want to restart your computer for troubleshooting purposes.

Systeminfo ⚑

This command will give you a detailed configuration overview of your computer. The list covers your operating system and hardware. For example, you can look up the original Windows installation date, the last boot time, your BIOS version, total and available memory, installed hotfixes, network card configurations, and more.

Use systeminfo /s followed by the host name of a computer on your local network, to remotely grab the information for that system. This may require additional syntax elements for the domain, user name, and password, like this:

systeminfo /s [host_name] /u [domain]\[user_name] /p [user_password]

System File Checker ⚑

System File Checker is an automatic scan and repair tool that focuses on Windows system files.

You will need to run the command prompt with administrator privileges and enter the command sfc /scannow. If SFC finds any corrupt or missing files, it will automatically replace them using cached copies kept by Windows for this purpose alone. The command can require a half-hour to run on older notebooks.

Tasklist ⚑

You can use the tasklist command to provide a current list of all tasks running on your PC. Though somewhat redundant with Task Manager, the command may sometimes find tasks hidden from view in that utility.

There's also a wide range of modifiers. Tasklist -svc shows services related to each task, use tasklist -v to obtain more detail on each task, and tasklist -m will locate DLL files associated with active tasks. These commands are useful for advanced troubleshooting.

Our reader Eric noted that you can "get the name of the executable associated with the particular process ID you're interested in." The command for that operation is tasklist | find [process id].

Taskkill ⚑

Tasks that appear in the tasklist command will have an executable and process ID (a four- or five-digit number) associated with them. You can force stop a program using taskkill -im followed by the executable's name, or taskkill -pid followed by the process ID. Again, this is a bit redundant with Task Manager, but you can use it to kill otherwise unresponsive or hidden programs.

Chkdsk ⚑

Windows automatically marks your drive for a diagnostic chkdsk scan when symptoms indicate that a local drive has bad sectors, lost clusters, or other logical or physical errors.

If you suspect your hard drive is failing, you can manually initiate a scan. The most basic command is chkdsk c:, which will immediately scan the C: drive, without a need to restart the computer. If you add parameters like /f, /r, /x, or /b, such as in chkdsk /f /r /x /b c:, chkdsk will also fix errors, recover data, dismount the drive, or clear the list of bad sectors, respectively. These actions require a reboot, as they can only run with Windows powered down.

If you see chkdsk run at startup, let it do its thing. If it gets stuck, however, refer to the chkdsk troubleshooting article.

schtasks ⚑

Schtasks is your command prompt access to the Task Scheduler, one of many underrated Windows administrative tools. While you can use the GUI to manage your scheduled tasks, the command prompt lets you copy&paste complex commands to set up multiple similar tasks without having to click through various options. Ultimately, it's much easier to use, once you've committed key parameters to memory.

For example, you could schedule your computer to reboot at 11pm every Friday:

schtasks /create /sc weekly /d FRI /tn "auto reboot computer weekly" /st 23:00 /tr "shutdown -r -f -t 10"

To complement your weekly reboot, you could schedule tasks to launch specific programs on startup:

schtasks /create /sc onstart /tn "launch Chrome on startup" /tr "C:\Program Files (x86)\Google\Chrome\Application\Chrome.exe"

To duplicate the above command for different programs, just copy, paste, and modify it as needed.

Command and Conquer Your Windows PC⚑

This article can only give you a taste of what's hidden within the Windows command line. When including all variables, there are literally hundreds of commands. Download Microsoft's command line reference guide (in Edge or Internet Explorer) for advanced support and troubleshooting.

Tired of the command prompt? Time to try the new Windows Terminal!

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